• Ship-wave dynamics and hydrodynamic interactions become a unifying research pattern, combining Kelvin wave theory, ship steering in waves, added-mass concepts, and submerged-body scattering to predict resistance and motion in realistic sea states [5], [6], [16], [17], [18], [20].

• Underwater sensing and robust signal transmission emerged as a key theme, leveraging telemetered ocean-bottom sensors, seismic monitoring devices, and oceanic communications to assess data integrity and repeatability across watery channels [1], [2], [3], [4], [8], [10].

• Electromagnetic methods permeate marine engineering, spanning magnetic signaling, magnetohydrodynamics, electromagnetic propulsion, and seawater conductivity effects as enabling tools for sensing, control, and propulsion [1], [2], [3], [9], [14].

• Oceanographic measurement and lab-scale hydrodynamics underpin modeling approaches, with tide-generation machines, bathymetric/oceanographic hydrography, and seakeeping theory informing understanding of waves, currents, and environmental interactions [11], [12], [19], [20].

• Propulsion technology and propulsor research emphasize hydrodynamic efficiency and device-level innovations, including reviews of propellers/ducted devices, submerged-body propulsion, and wave-induced resistance considerations [5], [15], [16].